The document was produced with the application of the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method by a multidisciplinary group of experts from various Italian scientific societies, consisting of pediatricians, neonatologists, infectious disease specialists, pediatric surgeons, anesthesiologists, pharmacologists, and microbiologists. The following scientific societies were involved: Italian Society of Pediatrics (SIP), Italian Society of Neonatology (SIN), Italian Society of Pediatric Infectiology (SITIP), Italian Society of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (SIMIT), Italian Society of Pediatric Surgery (SICP), Italian Society of Microbiology (SIM), Italian Society of Pharmacology (SIF), Italian Society of Neonatal and Pediatric Anesthesia and Resuscitation (SARNEPI), and Italian Society of Respiratory Diseases of Childhood (SIMRI).